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奔丧吊丧是日常生活事项,家家都会有,人人都能遇上。奔丧吊丧肯定要行礼,行礼就要磕头,但磕头磕几个?各地区、各地域、各人群等,讲究不同,也有不同的数量要求。近些年来,“神三鬼四”的说法较为流行。就是说,拜神仙给神仙磕头磕三个,拜鬼给死鬼磕头磕四个。有人由此及彼推而广之,说,清明上坟,开祠堂祭祖,都是拜鬼,磕头都要磕四个,等等。
无稽之谈。我们结合传统文化讨论一下这个问题,供大家参酌与评述。
1、行礼需要磕头的,根据特定场合需要,没有定数,从来都没有,自古以来都没有
在主流意识形态层面,不管是丧礼、祭礼、军礼、宾礼、嘉礼,需要磕头的,一直都没有严格的数量要求。从来没有“神三鬼四”的规定。传统文化讲祖宗,没鬼,中国人也从来不信鬼,所以在规范的制度方面,也不可能有“神三鬼四”这样的规定。
在礼仪规范文本《仪礼》《礼记》里面,需要跪拜行礼的,根据特定场合需要操作,从来没有次数要求。
2、一而再,再而三,三表示多,磕头磕三个是一般常道
不管在古汉语还是在现代汉语中,“三”都有两个基本义项:一是第三,二是表示多次。《老子》有:“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物。”《左传—曹刿论战》里有:“一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭。”这里的“三”都是多或多次的意思。不是定数。
行礼时磕头,磕几个都行,但磕三个就表示多。也就是说,磕头磕三个,礼仪的意思就已经尽到了。所以,磕头磕三个为常道,即一般生活常识和人文逻辑。
3、在传统文化中,逝者是祖宗,不是鬼,从来都不是;鬼是道教文化的东西,不代表主流意识形态
从商周秦汉到宋元明清,中国历史几千年,一直把逝者视为祖宗,从来没有鬼的说法。中国人从来不相信有鬼,也不信鬼。所有的鬼都是人心中之鬼。
《礼记—-祭义》中说:“众生必死,死必归土,此谓之鬼。”在先秦的典籍里,人死后的灵魂就叫鬼,所以鬼就是鬼魂的意思。后世魑魅魍魉一类祸害人的鬼,是道教影响民俗文化形成的,与原典里的鬼是不一样的。
在传统文化中,人死之后,入土为安,居丧结束后,纳入列祖列宗的昭穆谱系,即变为祖宗。从来没有鬼之说。所以,清明上坟,开祠堂祭祖,都是祭祀活动,是告慰祖宗,激励后人,不是拜鬼,从来不是。
所以,奔丧吊丧,需要行礼磕头的,磕三个就行。你一定要多磕的,磕多少都行。从来没有“神三鬼四”的要求。
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