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六爻占卦源于卜筮，是周易预测的主要方法之一。卜筮是古代民间占问吉凶的两种方法：殷商时期盛行用龟甲占，以烧裂的纹络，占断吉凶，称作“卜”或“龟卜”，甲骨文记载了大量的占卜内容，如“兆”就是裂纹的象形；周代卜筮之风更为盛行，不仅用龟甲“卜”，而且多用蓍草占，称作“筮”或“筮占”。龟甲“卜”与蓍草“筮”合称“卜筮。”
据文献记载，龟卜的方法是对龟甲、兽骨先行钻凿，再灼之以火，然后由卜者根据甲骨上所现兆形来判断吉凶。筮占的方法主要是大衍筮法，用50根蓍草占筮，总共要经过4营18变，才能完成起卦工作，它是周代早期正统的起卦法。
由于蓍草占法繁琐，历代易学大家一直在不断探索新的占筮方法。到了西汉，京房突破了大衍筮法的种种局限，创立了纳甲筮法，即“六爻术”。因其术“以钱代蓍”，使用铜钱摇卦，故称作“金钱占”。纳甲筮法给六十四卦中每一卦的六爻配上天干地支、五行六亲和世应六神，构建了上至天文、下及地理、中涵人事的庞大易学体系，成为周易预测最权威的占筮方法，被称为“大宗之法”。
在京房之前，《周易》六十四卦以《易传·序卦传》为依据，按上、下两经排列：上经三十卦，从论述天地之道开始，始于乾、坤，终于坎、离；下经三十四卦，从论述夫妻之道开始，始于咸、恒，终于既济和未济。
京房纳甲筮法将六十四卦分为八宫，即乾、坎、艮、震、巽、离、兑、坤。每宫八个卦，八宫六十四卦。每宫首卦为八纯卦，称为本宫卦，其中：乾、坎、艮、震为四阳卦，巽、离、兑、坤四阴卦。每个宫其余七卦的五行所属性与本宫卦相同，每个卦均有世爻、应爻。根据每卦中六个爻装配的地支五行属性与本宫卦的五行属性相互之间的生克关系，定出“六亲”。最后根据占卦日的日干，配上六神。
此后，历代易学家在金钱占的基础上，又创立了很多起卦方法，如：北宋邵雍《梅花易数》中记载有观梅占、牡丹占、邻夜扣门借物占、听声音占、字占等，可以用时间起卦、数字起卦、声音起卦、汉字起卦、方位起卦等。无论采取哪种方法起卦，每卦都是由两个单卦上下重叠组成一个重卦，并为每卦六爻配上天干地支和五行六亲。
各种“起卦”方法虽然灵活，看似“随机”的行为，但它摄取的信息蕴藏着人体与天体及万物之间的关联关系和关联的紧密程度。这些信息潜藏在卦爻中，若不精通易占原理，不遵守易占原则，就很难得出一个可预知的、相对确切的、可验证的结果。故卜易者需掌握占卦原理和断卦要领，因为起卦容易断卦难。
（魏德东）
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