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中国先哲对天时的探求,最早源于龟卜的发明。史前的神权时代,在渭水中游下,沿黄河直到山东西部一带,活动着中华民族起初的部落。在渔猎生活中,他们开始了对自然的探求。
对自然变化有太多的疑问,于是,就有了一些探求奥秘的术士应运而生。聪明的术士对事物有相当的理解和心得,对天候的变化预测显示了突出的准确,因而赢得部落中人的信赖和推崇。最后,他们和他们的观测方法一道被推举和固定下来,成为黄土地上最古老的文化官。
术士们使用的工具也是极简单的: 即一只乌龟。乌龟是一种爬行动物,身体扁平,背上有一层坚硬的甲壳,呈黑褐色,上面有花纹。乌龟不仅能在旱地活动,而且还能在水中生活。
对于乌龟的重视,出于两种认识:一者是乌龟具有水陆活动的能力,较之其他动物,显示出突出的能耐。因而引起渔猎人们的美慕和崇拜,二者是龟甲上的花纹,使术士们惊诧不已。他们认为这些花纹代表着一种天的旨意。
在原始部落人心目中,自然现象的变化以及人类社会的种种活动,都受一种力量的支配。于是他们做了一个伟大而又愚蠢的创造:创造了上帝。
他们把龟甲上的花纹认作是上帝书写的。继而便有了一批人专门来研究龟甲。
龟甲的研究产生了中国文化。龟甲上的花纹被整理以后,形成了中国最早的象形文字。
上帝旨意后来演化为天命。部落的首领便成了奉行天命做事的人。他们所做的都是上帝让他们这样做的。
龟卜和史、巫、祝一样,专门从事沟通神人的工作。龟卜的术士们不但可以推测天候,并且可以卜占休咎。大至部落的存亡,小至个人的吉凶,无所不占,无所不卜。
据说,部落中每有重大的行动发生,部落的首领都要把全部落人召集起来,然后烧龟甲以占卜吉凶。
卜辞记载,帝令雨足年?帝令雨弗其足年?就是占问下雨和收成的情况。又如:伐吉方,帝受伐又?就是用龟甲占向征伐吉方的战争会不会胜利。
这些例子还有许多。在今天看来很幼稚,但却表明人们对自己能力之外的超自然力量的探求。
这种超自然的力量就是后来所说的天时。它是自然界的一种结构功能,哲学家称之为必然性。对必然性的领悟和理解,可以看出一个部落或一个人的智慧水平。卜筮的发明,在科学的今天并不算作高明之举,但它至少证明了中国古先哲具有相当的聪明才智。
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